1. Valavu ya chipata: Valavu ya chipata ndi valavu yomwe chiwalo chake chotseka (chipata) chimayenda motsatira njira yowongoka ya mzere wa njira. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka podula cholumikizira chomwe chili mupaipi, kutanthauza kuti, chotseguka kwathunthu kapena chotsekedwa kwathunthu. Kawirikawiri, valavu ya chipata singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yosinthira kayendedwe ka madzi. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kochepa komanso kupanikizika komanso kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika kwakukulu, ndipo ikhoza kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana za valavu. Koma mavalavu a chipata nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi omwe amanyamula matope ndi zinthu zina.
ubwino:
①Kukana kwa madzi ndi kochepa;
② Mphamvu yofunikira potsegula ndi kutseka ndi yaying'ono;
③Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa payipi ya netiweki yozungulira komwe sing'anga imayendera mbali zonse ziwiri, kutanthauza kuti, njira yoyendera siili yoletsedwa;
④Ikatsegulidwa bwino, kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba pa chotsekera ndi chogwirira ntchito kumakhala kochepa kuposa kwa valavu yoyimitsa;
⑤ Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kosavuta, ndipo njira yopangira ndi yabwino;
⑥Utali wa kapangidwe kake ndi waufupi.
Zoyipa:
①Miyeso yonse ndi kutalika kwa kutsegula ndi kwakukulu, ndipo malo oyikapo ofunikira nawonso ndi akulu;
②Pakutsegula ndi kutseka, pamwamba pa kutseka pamakhala kukanda pang'ono ndi anthu, ndipo kukandako ndi kwakukulu, ngakhale kutentha kwambiri, ndikosavuta kuyambitsa kukanda;
③Nthawi zambiri, ma valve a chipata amakhala ndi malo awiri otsekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zina pa kukonza, kupukuta ndi kukonza;
④Nthawi yayitali yotsegulira ndi kutseka.
2. Valavu ya gulugufe: Valavu ya gulugufe ndi valavu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chotsegulira ndi kutseka cha mtundu wa disc kuti ibwezeretse pafupifupi 90° kuti itsegule, kutseka ndikusintha njira yamadzimadzi.
ubwino:
①Kapangidwe kosavuta, kakang'ono kukula, kopepuka kulemera, kosunga ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito, musagwiritse ntchito mu mavavu akuluakulu;
②Kutsegula ndi kutseka mwachangu, kukana kuyenda bwino;
③Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zinthu zomangira zokhala ndi tinthu tolimba tomwe timapachikidwa, ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa zinthu zomangira ufa ndi granular kutengera mphamvu ya pamwamba pake. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito potsegula ndi kutseka mapaipi otsegula mpweya ndi fumbi m'njira ziwiri, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi a gasi ndi m'madzi m'mafakitale a zitsulo, magetsi, magetsi, ndi makina opangira mafuta.
Zoyipa:
①Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi si kwakukulu, pamene kutseguka kufika pa 30%, madziwo adzalowa oposa 95%;
②Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kapangidwe ka valavu ya gulugufe ndi zinthu zotsekera, sikoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi otentha kwambiri komanso opanikizika kwambiri. Kutentha konsekonse kogwira ntchito kuli pansi pa 300℃ ndi pansi pa PN40;
③Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa ma valve a mpira ndi ma valve ozungulira ndi koipa kuposa kwa ma valve a globe, kotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe kutseka sikofunikira kwambiri.
3. Valavu ya mpira: yopangidwa kuchokera ku valavu yolumikizira, gawo lake lotsegulira ndi kutseka ndi mpira, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mpirawo kuzungulira 90° mozungulira mzere wa tsinde la valavu kuti ukwaniritse cholinga chotsegulira ndi kutseka. Valavu ya mpira imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kudula, kugawa ndi kusintha njira yoyendera ya medium mu payipi. Valavu ya mpira yopangidwa ngati kutsegula kofanana ndi V ilinso ndi ntchito yabwino yosinthira kayendedwe ka madzi.
ubwino:
① ili ndi kukana kotsika kwambiri kwa madzi (kwenikweni 0);
②Popeza sichidzamira pamene chikugwira ntchito (pamene palibe mafuta odzola), chingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera mu zinthu zowononga komanso zakumwa zotentha pang'ono;
③Pakakhala kuthamanga kwakukulu ndi kutentha, imatha kutseka kwathunthu;
④Imatha kutsegula ndi kutseka mwachangu, ndipo nthawi yotsegulira ndi kutseka ya nyumba zina ndi 0.05 ~ 0.1s yokha kuti iwonetsetse kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu dongosolo lodziyimira pawokha la benchi yoyesera. Mukatsegula ndi kutseka valavu mwachangu, ntchitoyo siikhudza;
⑤Chidutswa chotseka chozungulira chikhoza kuyikidwa chokha pamalo olowera malire;
⑥ Chogwirira ntchito chimatsekedwa bwino mbali zonse ziwiri;
⑦Pamene yatsegulidwa bwino komanso yatsekedwa bwino, pamwamba pa chitseko cha mpira ndi valavu pamakhala patali ndi sing'anga, kotero sing'anga yodutsa mu valavu pa liwiro lalikulu sidzayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba pa chitseko;
⑧ kapangidwe kakang'ono komanso kopepuka, kameneka kangaganizidwe ngati kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka valavu ya cryogenic medium system;
⑨Thupi la valavu ndi lofanana, makamaka kapangidwe ka thupi la valavu yolumikizidwa, yomwe imatha kupirira kupsinjika kuchokera pachitsime cha payipi;
⑩ Chotsekacho chimatha kupirira kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya pamene chikutsekedwa. ⑾Vavu ya mpira yokhala ndi thupi lolumikizidwa bwino imatha kuikidwa pansi mwachindunji, kuti ziwalo zamkati za valavu zisawonongeke, ndipo nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito ikhoza kufika zaka 30. Ndi valavu yoyenera kwambiri ya mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe.
Zoyipa:
①Popeza mphete yayikulu yotsekera mpando wa valavu ya mpira ndi polytetrafluoroethylene, siigwira ntchito pafupifupi mankhwala onse, ndipo ili ndi coefficient yaying'ono yokangana, magwiridwe antchito okhazikika, siikhala yosavuta kukalamba, kutentha kosiyanasiyana komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri otsekera. Makhalidwe onse ndi ofanana. Komabe, mawonekedwe a PTFE, kuphatikizapo coefficient yayikulu yokulitsa, kukhudzidwa ndi kuyenda kozizira komanso kutentha koipa, amafunika kapangidwe ka zisindikizo za mpando wa valavu kuti ziyang'ane kwambiri pa makhalidwe awa. Chifukwa chake, pamene zotsekera zimakhala zolimba, kudalirika kwa chisindikizo kumachepa. Kuphatikiza apo, PTFE ili ndi kalasi yotsika yokana kutentha ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kutentha kosakwana 180°C. Kupitirira kutentha kumeneku, zotsekerazo zimawonongeka. Poganizira zogwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 120°C yokha.
②Kugwira ntchito kwake koyendetsera zinthu n’koipa kuposa kwa ma valve ozungulira, makamaka ma valve ozungulira mpweya (kapena ma valve amagetsi).
4. Valavu yodula: ikutanthauza valavu yomwe gawo lake lotseka (diski) limasuntha pakati pa mpando wa valavu. Malinga ndi kayendetsedwe ka valavu, kusintha kwa doko la mpando wa valavu kumafanana ndi kugwedezeka kwa valavu. Popeza kugwedezeka kotsegulira kapena kutseka kwa tsinde la valavu la mtundu uwu wa valavu ndi kochepa, ndipo kuli ndi ntchito yodalirika kwambiri yodulidwa, ndipo chifukwa kusintha kwa doko la mpando wa valavu kumafanana mwachindunji ndi kugwedezeka kwa valavu, ndikoyenera kwambiri kusintha kayendedwe ka madzi. Chifukwa chake, valavu yamtunduwu ndi yoyenera kwambiri kudula kapena kulamulira ndi kugwedeza.
ubwino:
①Pa nthawi yotsegulira ndi kutseka, kukangana pakati pa diski ndi pamwamba pa chitseko cha thupi la valavu kumakhala kochepa kuposa kwa valavu ya chipata, kotero sichingavute.
② Kutalika kwa malo otsegulira nthawi zambiri kumakhala 1/4 yokha ya njira yolowera mpando wa valavu, kotero ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa valavu ya chipata;
③Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malo amodzi okha otsekera pa thupi la valavu ndi diski, kotero njira yopangira ndi yabwino komanso yosavuta kusamalira;
④Popeza chodzaza nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosakaniza cha asbestos ndi graphite, mulingo wotsutsa kutentha umakhala wokwera. Kawirikawiri ma valve a nthunzi amagwiritsa ntchito ma valve oletsa.
Zoyipa:
①Pamene njira yoyendera madzi kudzera mu valavu yasintha, kukana kocheperako kwa madzi otuluka mu valavu yoyimitsanso kumakhala kokwera kuposa kwa mitundu ina yambiri ya mavalavu;
②Chifukwa cha kukwapula kwakutali, liwiro lotsegulira limakhala locheperako kuposa la valavu ya mpira.
5. Valavu yolumikizira: ikutanthauza valavu yozungulira yokhala ndi gawo lotseka looneka ngati plunger. Cholowera cha valavu chomwe chili pa valavu chimalumikizidwa kapena kupatulidwa ndi doko lolumikizira pa thupi la valavu kudzera mu kuzungulira kwa 90° kuti chitseguke kapena kutseka. Mawonekedwe a valavu yolumikizira akhoza kukhala ozungulira kapena ozungulira. Mfundoyi ndi yofanana ndi ya valavu yolumikizira. Vavu yolumikizira imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito valavu yolumikizira. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popangira mafuta, komanso pamakampani opanga mafuta.
6. Valavu yoteteza: imatanthauza chotengera cha kupanikizika, zida kapena mapaipi, ngati chipangizo choteteza kupanikizika kwambiri. Pamene kupanikizika mu chipangizo, chidebe kapena paipi kukukwera pamwamba pa mtengo wololedwa, vavu imatsegulidwa yokha, kenako kuchuluka konse kumatulutsidwa kuti kulepheretse chipangizo, chidebe kapena paipi ndi kupanikizika kuti kusapitirire kukwera; pamene kupanikizika kukutsika kufika pamtengo wotchulidwa, vavu iyenera kutseka yokha nthawi yake kuti iteteze magwiridwe antchito otetezeka a zida, zotengera kapena mapaipi.
7. Chotchingira nthunzi: Madzi ena oviikidwa adzapangidwa m'njira yotumizira nthunzi, mpweya woviikidwa, ndi zina zotero. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti chipangizocho chikugwira ntchito bwino komanso motetezeka, zinthu zopanda ntchito komanso zovulaza izi ziyenera kutulutsidwa munthawi yake kuti zitsimikizire kuti chipangizocho chikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chili ndi ntchito izi: ①Chimatha kuchotsa madzi oviikidwa mwachangu; ②Kuletsa kutuluka kwa nthunzi; ③Kuchotsa mpweya ndi mpweya wina wosaviikidwa.
8. Valavu yochepetsera kupanikizika: Ndi valavu yomwe imachepetsa kupanikizika kwa kulowa kwa mpweya kufika pa kupanikizika kwina kofunikira potulutsa mpweya kudzera mu kusintha, ndipo imadalira mphamvu ya cholumikiziracho kuti chisunge chokha kupanikizika kokhazikika kwa mpweya.
9, valavu yowunikira: yomwe imadziwikanso kuti valavu yowunikira, valavu yowunikira, valavu yowunikira kumbuyo ndi valavu yolowera mbali imodzi. Mavalavu awa amatsegulidwa ndi kutsekedwa okha ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi kuyenda kwa sing'anga mupaipi, ndipo ndi a valavu yowunikira yokha. Vavu yowunikira imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dongosolo la mapaipi, ndipo ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuletsa sing'anga kuti isabwerere mmbuyo, kuletsa pampu ndi mota yoyendetsera kuti isabwerere m'mbuyo, ndikutulutsa sing'anga yowunikira. Mavalavu owunikira angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupereka mapaipi a machitidwe othandizira omwe kuthamanga kwawo kungakwere pamwamba pa kuthamanga kwa dongosolo. Amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa swing (wozungulira ndi pakati pa mphamvu yokoka) ndi mtundu wokweza (woyenda motsatira mzere).